Researchers led by Ryuhei Nakamura at the RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS) in Japan and The Earth-Life Science Institute (ELSI) of the Tokyo Institute of Technology have discovered inorganic nanostructures surrounding deep-ocean hydrothermal vents that are strikingly similar to molecules that make life as we know it possible. These nanostructures are self-organized and act as selective ion channels, which create energy that can be harnessed in the form of electricity. Published in Nature Communications, the findings impact not only our understanding of how life began but can also be applied to industrial blue-energy harvesting.
When seawater seeps way down into the Earth through cracks in the ocean floor, it gets heated by magma, rises back up to the surface, and is released back into the ocean through fissures called hydrothermal vents. The rising hot water contains dissolved minerals gained from its time deep in the Earth, and when it meets the cool ocean water, chemical reactions force the mineral ions out of the water, where they form solid structures around the vent called precipitates.
Hydrothermal vents are thought to be the birthplace of life on Earth because they provide the necessary conditions: they are stable, rich in minerals, and contain sources of energy. Much of life on Earth relies on osmotic energy, which is created by ion gradients—the difference in salt and proton concentration—between the inside and outside of living cells. The RIKEN CSRS researchers studied serpentinite-hosted hydrothermal vents because they have mineral precipitates with a very complex layered structure formed from metal oxides, hydroxides, and carbonates. “Unexpectedly, we discovered that osmotic energy conversion, a vital function in modern plant, animal, and microbial life, can occur abiotically in a geological environment,” says Nakamura.
The researchers were studying samples collected from the Shinkai Seep Field, located in the Pacific Ocean’s Mariana Trench at a depth of 5,743 m. The key sample was an 84-cm piece composed mostly of brucite. Optical microscopes and scans with micrometer-sized X-ray beams revealed that brucite crystals were arranged in continuous columns that acted as nano-channels for the vent fluid. The researchers noticed that the surface of the precipitate was electrically charged and that the size and direction of the charge—positive or negative—varied across the surface. Knowing that structured nanopores with variable charge are the hallmarks of osmotic energy conversion, they next tested whether osmotic energy conversion was indeed occurring naturally in the inorganic deep-sea rock.
a) Photograph of HV precipitates collected from the Shinkai Seep Field. b) Cross-polarized optical microscope images of precipitates in cross-section. c,d) Scanning electron images showing layers within the precipitates. e) Magnification showing sublayers in the boxed area of d. (Image credit: RIKEN)
The team used an electrode to record the current voltage of the samples. When the samples were exposed to high concentrations of potassium chloride, the conductance was proportional to the salt concentration at the surface of the nanopores. However, at lower concentrations, the conductance was constant, not proportional, and was determined by the local electrical charge of the precipitate’s surface. This charge-governed ion transport is very similar to voltage-gated ion channels observed in living cells like neurons.
By testing the samples with chemical gradients that exist in the deep ocean from where they were extracted, the researchers were able to show that the nanopores act as selective ion channels. At locations with carbonate adhered to the surface, the nanopores allowed positive sodium ions to flow through. However, at nanopores with calcium adhered to the surface, the pores only allowed negative chloride ions to pass through.
“The spontaneous formation of ion channels discovered in deep-sea hydrothermal vents has direct implications for the origin of life on Earth and beyond,” says Nakamura. “In particular, our study shows how osmotic energy conversion, a vital function in modern life, can occur abiotically in a geological environment.”
Industrial power plants use salinity gradients between seawater and river water to generate energy, a process called blue-energy harvesting. According to Nakamura, understanding how nanopore structure is spontaneously generated in hydrothermal vents could help engineers devise better synthetic methods for generating electrical energy from osmotic conversion.
